Energy Management in Electric Vehicles with Regenerative Braking using Super Capacitors and Batteries
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Abstract
This work presents the design and implementation of an energy management system for electric vehicles utilizing regenerative braking. The hybrid power supply comprises a lithium-ion battery bank and a supercapacitor bank. Bidirectional DC-DC converters are employed to manage power flow between the energy storage elements and the DC motor. Regenerative braking allows kinetic energy recovery during deceleration, which is stored in the supercapacitors due to their high-power density. The supercapacitors also handle high current demands during acceleration, reducing battery stress. Passive equalization circuits are used for the batteries and supercapacitors to avoid overvoltage conditions. The control system is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and hardware-in-the-loop testing is performed with a dSPACE platform. Experimental results demonstrated up to 65% regeneration efficiency, with good agreement between simulated and practical values. The supercapacitors successfully supplied momentary high current loads, avoiding premature current limitation by the battery protection system. The results confirm the feasibility of the proposed architecture for electric vehicle applications requiring high power and energy recovery.
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